Camel milk has several scientifically-proven health benefits and properties, including: Insulin-like factors that prevent a spike in blood sugar. Camel milk is used to make chocolates and biscuits and is often listed as a must-try for visitors to the country. Camel milk is different from other ruminant milk different ways. International Journal on Disability and Human Development 4: 67-70. Males and camel milk consumers had a significantly higher knowledge about the health benefits of camel milk compared to females and non-consumers (P < 005). Sboui A, Khorchani T, Djegham M, Agrebi A, Elhatmi H, et al. You can book an appointment with Nutritionist Aroosa Toussef through Marham by calling Marham helpline: 0311-1222398 or by online booking facility through the website or Marham mobile app. Journal of camel practice and research 13: 53-57. Camels milk has the same nutritional structure as cows milk but provides less saturated fat, more unsaturated fats, and more vitamins and mineral and is great for our overall health. Three people no longer needed insulin (21). It is typically produced from cow milk fortified with various ingredients. Karachi, Labs in Camel milk's nutritional value holds a lot of have a lot of health benefits. Another health benefit of camel milk is that it has immune system boosting qualities. Muyldermans S, Cambillau C, Wyns L (2001) Recognition of antigens by single-domain antibody fragments: the superfluous luxury of paired domains. However, camel milk contains less lactose than cows milk, making it more tolerable for many people who can not digest lactose. 107 calories. The recent increase in interest in camel milk has been led by . Camel has been mentioned in Quran in different places and described a miracle of almighty God. (2011) Biological activity of camel milk casein following enzymatic digestion. The chemical composition of the milk is studies by some researchers and presented in the Table 1. Camel . If you have one, camel milk could be a safe alternative. Hye Foods Milky Dunes Starter Pack With The Goodness Of Camel Milk. It has been stated that since this bacterium is from tuberculosis family and camel milk can be utilized to treat this bacterium. (2007) Zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming Raica community of north-west Rajasthan, India. In a study about ant-diabetic properties of came milk and in animal experiment, it was found that after three week of camel milk consumption by alloxan-induced diabetic dogs the level of blood glucose reduced from 10.88 0.55 to 6.22 0.5 mmol/l [33]. Along with providing antioxidants, researcher Amnon Gonenne, PhD, believes camel milk has anti-inflammatory properties that could benefit the autistic brain. Several studies on camel milk have found its positive impact on autism, diabetes, liver disease, jaundice and even cancer. Some of camel milk's health benefits are: General well-being: The numerous nutrients help promote the body's natural defenses. Vitamin C is also necessary to produce collagen protein as it helps the growth of cells and blood vessels and consequently imparts strength and firmness to the skin. Camels also produce far less milk than cows around 1.5 gallons (6 liters) per day, compared with 6 gallons (24 liters) for a typical domesticated dairy cow (37). Camel milk is more expensive than other types of milk, as demand outweighs supply in most Western countries. Chemical composition of camel milk. Specialities, Invite Friends & Book an appointment now to answer all your queries. Abdel-Hamid M, Goda HA, De Gobba C, Jenssen H, Osman A (2016) Antibacterial activity of papain hydrolysed camel whey and its fractions. What it is, what it contains, along with detailed information on nutrition and health effects. After consulting dermatologists, I'm certain: Camel milk's benefits for your skin might outweigh those of acid exfoliators, hydrating masks, and vitamin C serums all . It was narrated that al-Bara' ibn 'Aazib (may Allah be . Levy A, Steiner L, Yagil R (2013) Camel milk: disease control and dietary laws. It has been reviewed that camel milk can be useful for treating diabetes [28,29]. Rich in nutrients. Reducing fasting blood sugar. camel desert tea, camel milk tea, camil registani, camel desert drawing, Camel Milk#CamelVideos#CamelMilkProducts#BeautifulC. 3,150/ Pack. Another milk alternative is gaining . They say that this then reduces children's autism characteristics. No additives or preservatives. Acta Alimentaria 44: 609-616. Goat cheese is known for its creamy, distinct flavor. It has been reported that camel milk can be used to treat type2 diabetes since it contains a significant amount of insulin [30]. Camel plays in important livestock which produced milk longer than any other ruminant under harsh condition of desert ecosystem. It is obvious that quantity of the minerals increased at later stages. All rights reserved. Hospital & Cardiac Centre, Hilal-E-Ahmar Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 61: 88-91. 6. Then they killed the shepherd and drove away the camels. Since without having knowledge, he recommended that. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. You can continue to layer your parfait until you're satisfied. Here's a detailed look at the nutrition and health benefits of goat cheese, plus recipe ideas. Camel milk is not very popular compared to the milk of animals like cows, buffaloes, goats, and plants, but it has numerous health benefits. It is obvious it can be treating with camel milk due to having bactericidal properties if camel milk with peptidoglycon recognition protein can combine to heal the disease [61]. Rights Reserved. One pint of fresh or frozen Desert Farms camel milk retails for $18, and a 200g packet of camel milk powder, which makes approximately 14 pints, costs $74. Otherwise, you run the risk of your camel milk making you sick. It has been found that camel milk can be used as a treatment for autistic patients by reducing oxidative stress rate is due to contain high number of antioxidants in the form of vitamins, including A, C and E and other minerals such as Mg and Zn. The results revealed that the blood glucose in the first group decreased as well as hemoglobin and insulin requirement. ", Camel Milk Association: Did You Know?}, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice: "Zero Prevalence of Diabetes in Camel Milk Consuming Raica Community of North-West Rajasthan, India. Camel meat has long been an important part of Emirati cuisine and their milk also provided sustenance for Bedouins. Camel milk content is higher in insulin, whey acidic protein, peptidoglycon recognition protein, B-lactose albumin, casein micelles, whey and Omega-7 comparing to caws milk. Another study found that adults with type 1 diabetes who drank 2 cups (500 ml) of camel milk daily in addition to diet, exercise, and insulin treatment saw lower blood sugar and insulin levels than those not given camel milk. On the other hand, camel milk is a unique source for vitamin C comparing to other mammals. This peptide act as natural anti-oxidants and ACE inhibitors [40]. Hospital, Omar It is also used in the prevention of dandruff," Zakir . Camel milk could become the latest health fad in the UAE and the region. Researchers studied a community in India that has zero cases of diabetes and concluded that it was likely due to their regular consumption of camel milk., Camel milk protects against diabetes and improves its symptoms by:. Camel milk is very expensive. Camel milk is hitting the mainstream -- it's now on sale at Whole Foods -- courtesy of America's "drome-dairies.". There's ahadith indicating permissibility of eating camel, e.g. Camel's milk has been described as a miracle in the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). That one is Dr. Yagil's most recent peer-reviewed paper that I can find was from 2005 and suggested the substitution of camel milk for cow's milk in children with milk allergies. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 94: 540-546. Particularly, microbial factor by mycobacterium avium-subspecies, paratuberculosis in cow milk uncontrolled by heat treatment. Raw Milk: Do Its Benefits Outweigh the Dangers? There is a single V domain (VHH). Table 2: Mineral profile of camel milk in different stages [12]. But, amid the many such dos and don'ts, did you know about the benefits of camel milk for diabetics? Camel milk contains reasonable amount of It Iron and calcium and high acid due to vitamin C and decreases pH [10]. The milk is high in vitamin C, many minerals and immunoglobulins, which boost the immune system. Physician, Ent Shabo Y, Barzel R, Yagil R (2008) Etiology of Crohn's disease and camel milk treatment. In the era that deserts and global warming increasing and scarcity of food and water, camel has ability to face these problems. Salami M, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Moosavi-Movahedi F, Ehsani MR, Yousefi R, et al. After the spread of MERS-CoV infections, the World Health Organization urged people to refrain from drinking "raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat that has not been properly cooked". Hospital, Hameed Hye Foods Milky Dunes Camel Milk Powder Bourbon Chocolate 30g X 15. The anti-viral activity of camel lactoferrin is very powerful which can even inhibit Schistosoma Mansoni [55]. It has a mild odor, white color, and salty taste and contains 90% water and 10% solids. Coat the bottom of your cup with organic oats honey, granola, cinnamon, and cardamom, add yogurt, then a nice layer of mashed pumpkin flesh. Secondly Possessing strong anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity by camel milk, enables it to reduce the inflammation of liver and healthy functioning of liver. These components act as antitumor and which happens through increasing RNA synthesis and the inhibition of protein kinases and differentiation. [7] Cancer: Camel milk also contains anti-tumor properties. Centre, Khan By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Smoking Pot Every Day Linked to Heart Risks, Artificial Sweetener Linked to Heart Risks, FDA Authorizes First At-Home Test for COVID and Flu, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Becoming a Vegetarian: Foods to Choose From. Promote Heart Health. Oontni Kay Doodh kay Faiday (Camel Milk Benefits) in Urdu. Researchers still don't completely understand why, but these tiny immunoglobulins may be the reason for camel milk's popularity in helping lessen problems like autoimmune disease, allergies and even autism. Maryam is a Nutritionist who firmly believes in the power of words. The camel is an animal can be used for multi-purposes with high productions. Therefore, camel milk antibodies are much less small than humans which about tenth of the size of human antibodies. Camel urine also contains a number of healing factors such as antibiotics. Medical Complex Hospital, Surgimed Pure Australian Camel Milk. Camel milk contains both soluble water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins in different amount. (2005) Camel milk as an adjunct to insulin therapy improves long-term glycemic control and reduction in doses of insulin in patients with type-1 diabetes: a 1 year randomized controlled trial. San Diego: Academic Press. Free of cow's allergens, and milder than goat's milk, camel milk just might be the perfect compromise. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Camel milk is the closest natural substance to a human mother's milk. Aadvik Camel Milk Powder 20g X 25 Sachet (freeze Dried, Gluten. Camel has been mentioned in Quran in different places and described a miracle of almighty God. Mal G, Sena DS, Jain V, Sahani M (2006) Therapeutic value of camel milk as a nutritional supplement for multiple drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis patients. Adams said she spent about $2,000 (Dh7,346) per shipment for raw frozen camel milk. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences 11: 23-29. Camel VHH domains are better suited to enzyme inhibitors than human antibody fragments, thus offering a potential for viral enzymatic neutralization [19]. Trends in Food Science & Technology 62: 49-58. Surgeon, Neuro Camel milk, Pharmaceuticals miraculous properties milk composition. If you do purchase it, make sure that what you get is pasteurized. Ayyash M (2016) 0498 Investigating the antimicrobial activity of pasteurized and raw camel milk against foodborne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. "The rest . Camel milk has lower content of fat comparing to cow and human milk. Genetika 32: 621-628. Camel milk tastes good too! (2016) Camel milk: alternative milk for human consumption and its health benefits. Ilse KR, Hanwant SR (2004) The camel in Rajasthan: Agrobiodiversity under threat. If youre finding cows, Toned milk was developed in India to improve the nutritional profile of buffalo milk. vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich. Journal of camel practice and research 12: 27-35. One litre of pasteurised camel milk retails for about A$15 ($10; 8) in Australia, making it 12 times more expensive than cow's milk. Particularly magnesium which aids vitamins metabolism, biosynthesis of glutathione which is important protects cell damage by toxic agents and enhances antioxidants defense [47]. Additionally, it is also high in several vitamins and minerals, including Vitamin A, B, C, E, Calcium and Kalium. Hum Exp Toxicol 30: 1811-1827. Research shows that camel milk is better tolerated by people with lactose intolerance and allergies to cows milk. Abdurahman OAS (2004) Milk and meat from the camel: Handbook on products and processing. Wernery U (2006) Camel milk, the white gold of the desert. Lactose is the sugar found in cows or buffalos milk, and our bodies produce an enzyme called lactase to break down this sugar so that we can absorb it into our bodies. MEDLINE (1946 to March 2016), EMBASE (1974 to March 2016), and Google Scholar were searched using . The important health benefits of camel milk include its ability to help control diabetes, improve the immune system, stimulate circulation, lessen allergic reactions, promote growth and development, protect against certain allergic reactions, and improve heart health.. What is Camel Milk. "According to the research done by Dr. Abdul Fateh Mehmood Idris, he says that the urine of the camel can be used in certain skin diseasesScientific research has proven that urine makes the hair lustrous and thick. Khan, View All This risk is especially concerning for high-risk populations, such as pregnant women, children, older adults, and those with compromised immune systems (38, 39, 40). The climate of Medina did not suit them, so the Prophet ordered them to go to the (herd of milch) camels of charity and to drink, their milk and urine (as a medicine). It is low in saturated fat and offers high levels of Vitamin C, Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Calories, Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates, Thiamine, and Riboflavin. Narrated Anas:Some people from the tribe of 'Ukl came to the Prophet and embraced Islam. Boost immunity. The Hadith states: "A group of people from Uraynah and Ukl came to the Prophet, but then they were ill in Madinah. In an article by Dr Ahlaam al-'Awadi, which was published in al-Da'wah magazine, issue no. Markiewicz-Grka I, Zawadzki M, Januszewska L, Hombek-Urban K, Pawlas K (2011) Influence of selenium and/or magnesium on alleviation alcohol induced oxidative stress in rats, normalization function of liver and changes in serum lipid parameters. Camel milk - an immunity booster that you must add to your breakfast. This is a detailed article about almonds and their health benefits. ", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: "Camel Milk as a Potential Therapy as an Antioxidant in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). According to research, camel milk was prescribed to treat diseases in the old times. Latif Hospital, Akram Type above and press Enter to search. The prophet (PBUH) has recommended camel milk for some diseases such as skin disease as remedy. Camel Milk Nutrition. The Camel Milk Co. LLC dba Camel Culture. Copyright @ 2015-2022 Marham Medicare Pvt. Many people describe it as tasting just like traditional, old fashioned original milk! low-fat ice . Insulin in camel milk is safe and efficacious in improving long-term glycemic control in diabetic patient. Camel urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in a camel's anatomy.Urine from camels has been used in the as prophetic medicine for centuries, being a part of ancient Bedouin practices. Riechmann L, Muyldermans S (1999) Single domain antibodies: comparison of camel VH and camelised human VH domains. Al-Ayadhi LY, Elamin NE (2013) Camel milk as a potential therapy as an antioxidant in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). You can drink camel milk at any time of the day, but it is best to have it in the morning. People in Africa, the Middle East and Asia have depended on camels for milk for centuries. If you want to try camel milk but cannot find it locally, you can purchase it online in powdered or frozen form. Camels milk has been described as a miracle in the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Gader AGMA, Alhaider AA (2016) The unique medicinal properties of camel products: A review of the scientific evidence. Light chains (VL) are not present. Camel milk can protect body from proliferation of cancer cells by 50% at 5 mg/mL and exerts antioxidant DNA damage inhibitory activity [42]. In addition to the diseases described above, numerous small studies have reported diverse therapeutic benefits of camel milk. The presence of copper, iron, zinc, and vitamin C makes this milk a powerhouse to prevent aging. Agrawal R, Beniwal R, Sharma S, Kochar D, Tuteja F, et al. The first group received camel milk and usual care including diet, exercise and insulin and the second group received insulin and usual care. Shabo Y, Yagil R (2005) Etiology of autism and camel milk as therapy. Although scientific research supports the relationship between ROS and many diseases like cancer, there . Hospital, Saleem This creamy, delicious full-bodied milk contains just 7.5g of fat and 10.8g of protein per 300ml and can be enjoyed by the whole family. The presence of large viral antibodies in the camel serum and milk indicates attaches by viruses but not infected [52]. Clinic, View All In the United States, where camel milking operations are new, there are only a few thousand camels. The animal is not drugged up either. Despite that these findings provide . Presence of vitamin C in the milk imparts antioxidant skin tissue protective activities. J Fam Med Dis Prev 5:095. doi.org/10.23937/2469-5793/1510095, 1Food Technology Department-KRG, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq, 2Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan, 3Department of Pharmacy, Rwandz Private Technical Institute, Iraq. Overtime science discovers more about camel milk, particularly in terms of medicinal and health benefits, and systematic review is necessary to see more profound and recent discoveries. There is some evidence that A2 milk is healthier than A1 milk. There may be subtle differences in taste depending on where the milk comes from. Abusheliabi A, AL-Rumaithi HO, Olaimat AN, Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili T, et al. 1938, 25 Safar 1425 AH/15 April 2004 CE, about the diseases which can be treated with camel's milk, as proven by experience, it says that there are many benefits in camel's milk. Journal of Camel Practice and Research 9: 43-45. Camel has been mentioned in Quran in different places and described a miracle of almighty God. It was revealed that camel milk possesses (lactoperoxidase, peptidoglycan, lactoferrin and lysozyme) and these proteins work with antibodies against rotavirus diarrhea [48]. The download starts with the click of a button without waiting for the book to be ready. The clinical effectiveness and value of camel milk as a therapeutic agent is currently unclear. United States. So, the Prophet ordered them to go to the herd of (Mulch) camels and to drink their milk and urine (as a medicine). Lactoferrin has ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell. Pure Australian Camel Milk is perfect in milkshakes, smoothies, coffee, with cereal, as an ingredient in your favourite . J Immunoassay Immunochem 28: 267-277. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Some claim that raw milk is healthier than pasteurized, but experts disagree. Although positive perceptions were common, misperceptions appear to be . Journal of Camel Practice and Research 15: 55-59. Hospitals, Pulmonologist Habib HM, Ibrahim WH, Schneider-Stock R, Hassan HM (2013) Camel milk lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and exerts antioxidant and DNA damage inhibitory activities. Camel milk contains less lactose than cows milk, making it more tolerable for many people with lactose intolerance. Thirdly, presence some other elements in camel milk imparts anti-diabetic traits to it [38]. It is commercially manufactured and sold in many countries and available online in powder and frozen versions. Furthermore, these minerals stimulate glutathione manufacturing, have been found containing antibodies equal to the size of immune antibodies in humans, which in turn is working to develop autistic behavior [57]. Traditionally, camel milk is consumed raw without heat treatments or pasteurization. The influence of camel milk consumption and its effect on the skin has been of concern of researchers. The prophet (PBUH) has recommended camel milk for some diseases such as skin disease as remedy. Study Confirms MERS Spreads from Camels to People. As natives from the Middle East have used camel's milk for centuries now, and as many have begun to learn about it's astonishing health benefits, it's begun to creep its way into America and made more accessible to . If you have a milk allergy and you're looking for an alternative, you can try: Make sure that what you choose is fortified with vitamin D and calcium. (2005) Effect of raw camel milk in type 1 diabetic patients: 1-year randomised study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 76: 290-296. WebmedCentral Veterinary Medicine 3: WMC002804. Almahdy O, El-Fakharany EM, El-Dabaa E, Ng TB, Redwan EM (2011) Examination of the activity of camel milk casein against hepatitis C virus (Genotype-4a) and its apoptotic potential in hepatoma and HeLa cell lines. read more. Food Chem 141: 148-152. Nutrition & Food Science 46: 217-227. The study proposes that camel milk intake could be significantly important to decrease the oxidative stress through changing the concentration of anti-oxidative enzymes non-enzymatic anti-oxidants molecules, hence reduced the signs of autism in children [58]. Lactose intolerance is a common condition caused by a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme needed to digest the sugar in dairy known as lactose. Camel milk has been shown to lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (13, 14, 15, 16). No limits for download times. Camel milk contains lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and camel whey protein, which may be responsible for its ability to fight organisms and boost immunity. Abu-Lehiya I (1997) Composition of camel milk. Like all mammals, camels generally only produce milk after having given birth, and their pregnancies are 13 months long. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013: 602834. Agrawal R, Jain S, Shah S, Chopra A, Agarwal V (2011) Effect of camel milk on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes: 2-years randomized controlled trial. Just like breast milk protects newborn babies from various health issues, camel milk can provide a number of health benefits . Narrated Abu Qilaba: "Anas said, "Some people of 'Ukl or 'Uraina tribe came to Medina and its climate did not suit them. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Heres our process. Press Esc to cancel. With cows and various plant- and animal-based milks readily at your disposal, you may wonder why some people choose camel milk. 2. Plus, it may have antidiarrheal properties. This is the miracle of prophecy. View Table 2. Camel has been mentioned in the Quran and prophets Muhammad (PBUH) sayings (hadith) in different places and mostly as miracles. The FDA also significantly limits imports of camel milk to the United States, driving up the price of consumer products. Vitamin C also protects the skin from free radicals which causes some skin problems such wrinkles and dryness [45]. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Plus, some consumers have ethical concerns. Khalesi M, Salami M, Moslehishad M, Winterburn J, MOOSAVI Movahedi AA (2017) Biomolecular content of camel milk: A traditional superfood towards future healthcare industry. Milk fat is an important component in the milk which determines the nutritional value of milks. Or try health benefits of whisky. Mal G, Sena DS, Sahani M (2007) Changes in chemical and macro-minerals content of dromedary milk during lactation. Camel Milk Nutrition. The high cost comes down to the slow production process. No chemicals added: With 5 times the amount of Vitamin C in camel's milk, and full of iron, camel's milk needs no . However, its difficult to make into cheese, yogurt, and butter. In a study about pasteurized camel milk, the results found that camel milk exerts antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7). Malik A, Al-Senaidy A, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J (2012) A study of the anti-diabetic agents of camel milk. Milk Products and Their Uses. Camel's milk has generally an opaque white colour and has a faint sweetish odour and sharp taste; sometimes, it can be salty (Abbas et al. Khler-Rollefson I, Mundy P, Mathias E (2001) A field manual of camel diseases: traditional and modern health care for the dromedary, ITDG publishing. For instance, presence of insulin in the camel milk could work as anti-hypoglycemic agent regulates B-cells functions [5]. On the other hand, more recently a study suggests that camel milk lactoferrin inhibits the entry of the virus into the cells [19]. The outcome of the study showed that camel milk significantly inhibited the proliferation of the cancer cells via activation of caspase-3 mRNA [41]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 68: 176-177. The anti-carcinogenic properties of camel milk could be due to a number of reasons. Although you might think camels are exclusively used for transportation, people in Middle Eastern, Asian, and African cultures have drunk camel milk for centuries.In fact, it's highly sought after. Our immune system produces antibodies to fight infection-causing microbes and one such simple, yet effective immune booster is Camel milk. Jilo K, Tegegne D (2016) Chemical Composition and Medicinal Values of Camel Milk. Most of the evidence is anecdotal, though a few small studies indicate potential benefits for improving autistic behaviors (25, 26). Still, this milk is significantly more expensive than other types and is often unpasteurized, which poses a health risk, especially in high-risk populations. It has been reported that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in some neurological diseases; autism for instance. It has also been stated that camel milk bioactive peptides may exert anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities [54]. Issuing Office: Office of Human and Animal Foods Operations - Division West 4. Rich in nutrients: Camel milk is a good source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C, vitamin B12, iron, and .