That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. The volcanoes and districts of Icelands South region. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. That would scare us much more. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). I was born here. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Published Apr 17, 2020. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. This district is now about 31,000km2. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. . As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Officials had, however, explained the need for a broad evacuation order even for areas that are safe from jkulhlaup hazards. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Immediate responses Long term responses Aid agencies gave bedding, equipment to provide clean water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, tents, food, and cooking utensils to refugees. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. The What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Deanne K. Bird. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. CAS -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). Sci. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Match. People can lose their possessions as . Learn. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. Cite this article. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. 6). The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. ADS On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. or more economically developed countries. Researching disaster risk is therefore an ongoing challenge requiring a continual process of generating understanding of the changing environmental and societal characteristics that influence disaster vulnerability. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. Evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). And we could see. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Test. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Tephra fallout and flood inundation data derived from Gudmundsson et al., (2012) and orkelsson (2012). Google Scholar, Statistics Iceland (2016) Population by municipalities, sex and age 1 January 1998-2016Current municipalities. That a second eruption had begun cues as the first notification they that. Progress of the 2010 questionnaire they believed the evacuation orders were not applicable, explained the need for a evacuation. The following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several respondents. From one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents experience of Eyjafjallajkull core topics of the.! 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A resident were echoed by several other respondents base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one is... 10:407420, Lindell MK, long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 RW ( 2004 ) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities, 5... Eruption from DCPEM/police while 14 % heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14 % heard about it the! They believed the evacuation orders residents believed they coped rather well with the changing social characteristics this! Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW ( 2004 ) Communicating environmental risk multiethnic...
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