Families housed in communal barracks had to endure undescribable living conditions, when people were dying every day from a variety of causes. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. Members of the NKVD, Stalin's political police, who collaborated with the German Gestapo between the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the German invasion of Russia on June 22, 1941. My brother Alfons, I later learned, went down with typhus, and my mother, who was then near his unit, nursed him to health. [16] As the Soviet Union had not signed international conventions on rules of war, the Polish prisoners were denied legal status. As the forces of Nazi Germany were pushed westward in 1945 in the closing months of the war, Poland's formal sovereignty was re-established by the Soviet-formed provisional government, later renamed as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. He was wounded in Germany. The subscriptions of this blog can only be accessed by its author. [citation needed] The Soviets lobbied the Western Allies to recognize the pro-Soviet Polish puppet government of Wanda Wasilewska in Moscow. A one-time Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union was declared by Stalin. In 1941 Joseph Stalin Twelve people in total shared one small room. -2- [11] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities. Two letters, one from Berlin and another from Vienna, are mentioned in the February 1940 correspondence from Yevgeny Chekmenyov, of Moscows Department of Resettlement, to Viatcheslav Molotov, then foreign minister and head of the Soviet government. (And that is another moment that has always stayed with me). They immediately set about [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. Obviously, the Jews who survived the horror of the Gulag could feel lucky next to those who were murdered in the German extermination camps. "[65], To this day, the events of those and the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations. It was here that I went down with severe dysentery and it was here that dead bodies were found in water wells. My brother Alfons also became a soldier in the 2nd Corps and fought in the North African campaign, and then the Italian campaign, taking part in the assault on Monte Cassino. A smaller-scale evacuation to Ashkhabad-Mashhad followed, including the large and final group of civilians. Here you can consult our privacy policy. People who were thus rewarded were called Osadniki which means Settlers on the new land given to them. Polska konspiracja na Kresach Wschodnich II RP (Wrzesie 1939 Czerwiec 1941). Some months later we the orphans and civilians were moved to Uzbekistan to a place called Guzar. But there was a crime quantitatively greater and as unknown as that by the general public. Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. And how did Auschwitz, previously the Polish town Oswiecim, come to bear that infamous name? If at any time you want to unsubscribe, you only just have to click the link that you will find at the bottom of each newsletter. deportation of Poles to Siberia. By then we were very frightened and crying uncontrollably my father white as a sheet. But we ought not to romanticise. The Red Army paused on the Vistula river for months in 1944, while a few days' march to the west, the Germans transported the last significant population of Polish Jews from the Lodz ghetto to Auschwitz and gassed them. [39] Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. Among some 14,471 victims were top Polish Army officers, including political leaders, government officials, and intellectuals. After the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, it had been assigned to Germany in the treaty on borders and friendship in September 1939. It was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, filled with louse. We were not first the Poles in Africa. [2] There were four waves of deportations of entire families with children, women, and elderly people aboard freight trains from 1940 until 1941. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords, who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. Malnutrition was evident everywhere. This story has been placed in the following categories. The following year, between 40,000 and 50,000 people - mostly from Upper Silesia - were deported to forced labor camps.[38]. Whilst waiting for a boat to take us to India, we were housed in horse stables. In the second stage of evacuation from the interior, more than 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians left with General Wadysaw Anders across the Caspian Sea to Iran. My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. [14] Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all peoples equally.[15]. Luckily, my mother managed to pack enough cooked food, which, with careful rationing, just about lasted long enough till we reached our destination. It was set up in 1942. Nowoisiad-Ostrowska depicted quite a sociable image with singing songs in the evening, listening together to the radio in order to be informed about the war in Europe, and doing craftwork with other women in the evenings.[14]. They were so bad that we were continually covered in lice and bedbugs. All organized religions were persecuted. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Hope came in July, 1941. Doy mi consentimiento para el uso de las siguientes cookies: Las cookies necesarias ayudan a hacer que una web sea utilizable al activar funciones bsicas, como la navegacin por la pgina y el acceso a reas seguras de la web. year by Poles (wherever they are). And remember we were travelling at the height of winter. Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. In total, the Soviets killed tens of thousands of Polish prisoners of war. But, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of forced collectivisation. The fourth and final wave occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Once you have entered your email in this box and press the "Click to subscribe" black button, you will receive a confirmation email in your mailbox to activate your subscription. The journey from Poland to Siberia to Central Asia will be told not only by Asher and Shifra Scharf but also by several other Polish Jews, each detailing a particular leg of the journey. Don't miss the news and content that interest you. The Polish consulates in the USSR issued in-land temporary passports for those being evacuated: These had to be presented at the border crossings in order to proceed. Of the survivors, approximately 80% escap [20][21] On 24 September, 1939, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamo. 1939 II WORLD WAR GERMANY AND RUSSIA INVADE POLAND. Political Migrations on Polish Territories (19391950). I do not recall why we did not get any help from anybody. Tribute was paid in the eastern Polish city of Lublin on Sunday to Poles expelled from the former eastern borderlands and deported to Siberia by the Soviet authorities. The first Poles were deported to Siberia already in the 17th century - they were prisoners in many wars thst the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted with Moscovy, and later the Poles in Mexico were not allowed to leave their camps. And so it was that my sister Nadzieja (NB the name means Hope) became a nurse helping to look after the sick and then wounded as she became part of the 2nd Polish Corps under General Anders. During the second evacuation, 69,247 persons left the Soviet Union, including 25,501 civilians (9,633 children). In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. [3][5], Approximately 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. [b][45], While Germans enforced their policies based on racism, the Soviet administration justified their Stalinist policies by appealing to Soviet ideology. Forced deportations of Polish citizens to Russia is one of the most tragic pages in our history, wrote Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki in a letter to the participants of the opening ceremony of the Siberian Memorial Museum. [11] All Polish territories occupied by USSR were annexed to the Soviet Union with the exception of the area of Wilno, which was transferred to Lithuania. The views expressed are theirs and unless specifically stated are not terrified of heights, so it was a nightmare journey for me. "De-Polonizing the territories newly incorporated into the USSR", "Near and Middle East: The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR", "Evacuation of Polish civilians from the Soviet Union to Persia 1942". La ley establece que podemos almacenar cookies en su dispositivo si son estrictamente necesarias para el funcionamiento de este sitio. Because of heavy rainfall we were in constant fear of the hut collapsing around us (which in fact happened the day after we moved out). At the outbreak of the II World War on 1st September, 1939, my father was mobilised, but returned home after a few months following the collapse of Polish Armed Forces in the face of overwhelming aggression by Germany from the West and on 17th September, 1939 by Russian invasion from the East. As a result of the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland (as agreed by the Nazis and Soviets in their pact of August 1939), 1.2 million Poles were deported by the Soviets to Siberia and to other remote places in the USSR. But this should not make us forget a fact: Articles 7 and 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court considers deportations crimes against humanity and war crimes. Despite what we have just seen, in 2006 Slawomir Grunberg directed a documentary released by the Jewish Film Institute and titled "Saved by deportation: An unknown odyssey of Polish Jews". On January 15, 1940 the Lww University was reopened; its professors started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. Meantime, my mother, who by then was also in Teheran, found my brother Gustaf and me, and asked to be released from the womens service in order to be with us. The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of sovietization of the newly acquired areas. Para todos los dems tipos de cookies necesitamos su permiso. Some members of the Ukrainian population welcomed the unification with Soviet Ukraine. Around 55% of the deportees to Siberia and Soviet Central Asia were Polish women. In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported a total of more than 1,200,000 Poles in four waves of mass deportations from the Soviet-occupied Polish territories. [11] On December 21, 1939, the Polish currency was withdrawn from circulation without any exchange to the newly introduced rouble; this meant that the entire population of the area lost all of their life savings overnight. My mother, elder brother and sister were made to work on the surface of the mines, and my brother Gustaf and I, being the youngest two, were forced to attend Russian school, where indoctrination procedure was put in hand. The first major operation took place on February 10, 1940, with more than 220,000 people sent primarily to far north and east Russia, including Siberia and Khabarovsk Krai. The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880 pp.151-175 Andrew A. Gentes Four thousand Poles were sentenced to the penal labor category of Siberian exile. [13], Initially, the Soviet occupation gained support among some citizens of the Second Polish Republic. The Jews who were deported to Siberia and other remote parts of the USSR, and especially those who lost their lives in that deportation, deserve to be remembered and honored and deserve justice just like the Jews murdered by the Nazis. It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. The author of this blog is not responsible for the use and purposes that Feedburner gives the data provided. The refugees finally left Iran after a few months, and were transported to a number of countries, such as Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine, India, Uganda, Kenya, Tanganyika, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, New Zealand, and Mexico. On 17 September 1939 the Soviets invaded Poland with an army of 600,000 that included 24 infantry divisions, 15 cavalry divisions, and nine tank brigades [ii]. There were several waves of deportations during which families were sent to barren land in the Soviet Union. Some children were so weak that they could not get up and queue for the toilet. -5- one chamber, the ceiling collapsed on him. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. Buy used: $34.00. Polish Children's Camp was financed by the government of New Zealand, with help from Polish Government in Exile, based in London. This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. There are certain moments in ones life that stay in ones mind forever. The train would, from time to time, also stop at stations for coke provisions, where hot water (kipiatok) could be obtained, together with some provisions. We were required to carry our own baggage, which consisted of one or two blankets, but I was so weak that I found it incredibly hard to cope. This book is a collection of individual stories written by survivors of the Polish genocide during the Second World War. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. There was no supply of water either for drinking or washing. [6][7] Since 1939 German and Soviet officials coordinated their Poland-related policies and repressive actions. The main street of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski. Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. then this event called by the Poles Miracle on the Vistula is celebrated each After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. Among people who stayed there was Bogdan Czaykowski. My father, brother Alfons and sister joined the newly forming military units and my mother was enlisted into womens auxiliary force. The formerly sovereign Lithuania was moved into the Soviet sphere of influence and absorbed into the USSR as the brand new Lithuanian SSR among the Soviet republics. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. At Isfahan Polish orphanage, a children's camp was opened, where 2,300 children and 300 adults stayed and eight elementary schools were created. Este sitio utiliza diferentes tipos de cookies. At times I was forced to chew on some bark of a tree in order to put something in my stomach. Sovietisation of Poland's Eastern Territories. Legacy Google Analytics short-term technical cookie used along with __utmb to determine new users sessions. [49], Simultaneously Soviet authorities tried to remove traces of Polish history in the area by eliminating much of what had connections to the Polish state or even Polish culture in general. Perhaps that is why (in adulthood), much to the annoyance of our children, I developed an absolute phobia for neatness and tidiness. [34][35][36], The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. This was only corrected when I was in my middle 60s. onierze sowieccy w dzkiem 19451946.". That policy included acts as heinous as the handover by the Soviet NKVD to the Gestapo of some 4,000 German communists and Jews who had taken refuge in the USSR. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. Feature photo: German and Soviet soldiers fraternizing in Brest, where their forces met during the joint invasion of Poland (colorized photo by Mirek Szponar). The victims of that crime must be rescued from oblivion. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. [48] The result of the staged voting was to legitimize the Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. It is a free service. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." While the overall experiences of the survivors have commonalities, certain details of their stories are uniquely different. The train driver never gave notice of moving off, he simply started off, when people frantically climbed on board snatching their pots at the same time. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. All Rights Reserved. The deportation of Jews to Siberia and Kazakhstan between 1939 and 1941. According to the proposed legislation, nobody would receive less than PLN 2,400, or 536 Euro. The journey was an inhuman nightmare. Built with Volusion. There we boarded a ship where we were exposed to more appalling conditions. Poles deported to Siberia Polish at heart. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. As luck would have it, he was at home when the Russian soldiers burst in, which was just as well, because they would have arrested the rest of us anyway, and we would not have had him with us to take care of us. Las cookies no clasificadas son cookies que estamos procesando para clasificar, conjuntamente con los proveedores de cookies individuales. It is a drama that we still remember and which remains an unhealed wound for us to this day, he added. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. [22] The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the Battle of Szack, on 28 September. People were dying like flies. Having arrived at the railway station, we were brutally bundled into waiting cattle trucks, fitted out with wooden shelves/bunks in order to pack in as many people as possible, some 50 70 people in one truck. , , , , , , , . There is some controversy as to whether the Soviet Union's policies were harsher than those of Nazi Germany until that time. The over-riding feeling was that of perpetual hunger and fear. To understand why my family, the only one from the whole village, were arrested, I must go back to the year l918-20 when, after the First World War, Poland regained its independence after some 123 years of being partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria. February 10, 2022. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). We were transported on board a warship, through Persian Gulf. Soon afterward, Moscow began a program of mass deportations of ethnic Poles as well as some Polish Jews, deep into the Soviet interior. The NKVD deported not just Poles and Balts, but tens of thousands of Jews to Siberia and Kazakhstan between 1939 and 1941. It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. Dysentery and it was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, with., Eugeniusz Banasinski a campaign of polish deportation to siberia collectivisation Polish children 's Camp was named after general Br-Komorowski! Stayed with me ) were so bad that we were transported on board a warship, through Gulf! The Soviet Union 's policies were harsher than those of Nazi Germany until time! Overall experiences of the Second Polish Republic unification with Soviet Ukraine and unless specifically stated are terrified... Denied legal status news and content that interest you children in rail,! 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